They are called developers, sometimes they are larger corpoarations (lennar, k.hovanian, centex, etc) or sometimes individuals. They purchase the land and get a construction loan that covers the entire piece of land, then they build, as soon as they sell a home, they pay off that part of the loan, which is called a partial reconveyance. (it gets a little complicated). After everything is built and sold the loan will be paid off, from there they keep the profit. But today since the market is dropping, builders(developers) are giving away alot of upgrades with these home, most of them are loosing money. BUT thats real estate for you, up and down.
hope this helps.
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